@jwz Often a big chunk of that money (on the order of 15%) goes back to the people who make the ads, in the form of media placement commissions.Frequently professional campaign managers will have their own media consultancy on the side, and when they get hired to head a campaign, they have the campaign hire that consultancy to do its media. So now the campaign manager gets cut in too.All of this creates incentives for everybody involved to raise more money to spend on more ads, regardless of how well they actually work. Because money spent on ads is money they get a cut from.https://www.salon.com/2006/05/09/campaign_consultants/