I'm having this exact same problem currently-- ./nodebb dev works fine, ./nodebb start does nothing and outputs nothing to the logs, and I've tried all the ./nodebb upgrade and ./nodebb build.
Assuming you kept the default port setting, you need to allow it through the firewall.
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=4567/tcp --permanent
firewall-cmd --reload
Setting up a custom domain for your NodeBB forum
